Food waste is an expensive problem. The average U.S. family puts upward of $2,000 worth of food in the garbage every year.
What some see as a problem, however, others see as a business opportunity. A new facility, known as the Heartland Biogas Project, promises to take wasted food from Colorado’s Front Range and turn it into electricity.
Through a technology known as anaerobic digestion, spoiled milk, dented canned goods, old pet food, vats of grease and helpful bacteria combine in massive tanks to generate gas. You’ll find the project on a rural road in Weld County, a stone’s throw from the county’s numerous feedlots, dairy farms, and a short drive from the state’s populous, waste-generating urban core.
Follow your nose to know you’re in the right place. There’s no way around it: The place stinks. The odor is a mix of cow poop and expired produce.
“Yeah, there’s a lot of good smell around here,” says Scott Pexton of A1 Organics, an Eaton, Colorado-based composting company that runs the food waste portion of the plant.
The six huge cream-colored holding tanks at Heartland work like an enormous stomach, each capable of holding 1.7 million gallons. In goes the food waste, everything from summer squash and citrus to pineapples and onions. If you can eat it, it can go into the digester.
“The microbes in there, they want to keep them healthy and happy,” Pexton said. “When they’re healthy, they make methane gas, and they make a lot of it.”
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Just like our own digestive systems, what comes out at the end is a liquid, captured in lagoons and reused; a solid, used for composting; and a gas. That’s what the owners of this plant really want: the methane gas. It’s captured and sent into an interstate pipeline and used to generate electricity. Pexton says if this food was thrown out, it’d be sending all that gas into the air.
“In a landfill, all it does is just rot. Rotting food in a landfill makes methane gas, but it’s an uncontrolled process,” he said.
Anaerobic digesters like this one solve a few problems at once. A recent report from the nonprofit group ReFED showed digesters can generate renewable energy, divert food waste from landfills, cut down on harmful emissions and provide a few jobs along the way.
“We’ve seen a lot of those types of digesters in Europe and we’re just starting to see them emerge in the U.S.,” said Darby Hoover, a resource specialist with the Natural Resources Defense Council, which contributed to the ReFED report.
Anaerobic digestion is one promising piece of a much larger puzzle to solve the food waste problem, Hoover says. But digesters are expensive, and many require policy fixes to get off the ground. The Heartland Biogas Project’s developer EDF Renewable Energy locked in an agreement with the Sacramento Municipal Utility District in California to buy all the gas generated on site. That deal was prompted by high standards for renewable energy in the state.
In many ways, that’s a special case. Oftentimes, Hoover says, it’s municipalities paying for waste management for their residents.
“With an anaerobic digester, you often have a high project cost up front,” Hoover said. “Cities may not see that there’s a high value to implementing something like a digester.”
Digesters also don’t attack the root of the food waste problem, but rather manage the symptoms. Consumers throw out a staggering amount of food every year. Digesters are simply big machines that can swallow and digest the food we don’t eat. Knowing there’s a machine to clean up your mess could relieve some guilt of throwing food away.
Virginia Till, a recycling expert with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, says there is “no silver bullet,” but there are “opportunities to focus on reducing waste in the first place.”
The federal government put out the country’s first-ever food waste reduction goals in fall 2015, calling to cut our food waste in half by 2030. Making renewable energy from food that can’t be eaten is admirable, Till says. But the best thing to do with wasted food is to feed people. Almost one in seven U.S. households are food insecure, unsure of where their next meal is coming from.
“That fact, coupled with the fact that we waste about a third of our food that’s produced ... those two facts together get me up in the morning,” Till said.
Composter Scott Pexton agrees. Even if people stop throwing out perfectly good food, you’ll still have the banana peel. Even the most careful, responsible retailers, processors and farmers will generate some waste from time to time — and the digester out on the eastern plains of Colorado will be right there waiting.
“We certainly believe in the idea of reduce first. But once the reducing is done, then we take care of it from here on out,” Pexton said.
We wasted more than 130 billion pounds of food in the U.S. in 2015. Most of that just sits in landfills, giving off methane.
“Sustainability is more expensive. It is. It costs more to recycle things than to send them all to one place,” Pexton said.
It’s more expensive now, but if wasted food is ignored and left to rot, the future could be even more costly.
Harvest Public Media is a reporting collaboration focused on issues of food, fuel and field. Based at KCUR in Kansas City, Harvest also is a partner of Innovation Trail.
